Jürgen Habermas (German philosopher and leading contemporary critical theorist, 1929–). With an interdisciplinary reach that transcends even that of his teachers at the Frankfurt School, Habermas draws upon a range of methodologies in developing his concept of the social sphere and his theory of communicative action, including sociology in the tradition of Weber, Durkheim, and Mead; German Idealist philosophy; Neo-Kantianism; Marxism; American pragmatism; Anglo-American linguistic philosophy and speech act theory; and developmental psychology. His principle achievement is to have salvaged the concept of enlightenment rationality by positing interpersonal structures of linguistic communication as the loci of reason ("communicative reason"), rather than God, the cosmos or the knowing subject. Habermas's magnum opus is The Theory of Communicative Action (1981) in two volumes. Other writings include The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962), The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (1985), and Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (1992).
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